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Docking stations. Care Packs. Problem solving. Diagnostic tools. Windows 10 support center. Support by product. Other Products. Support resources. Contact us. Check warranty. Authorized service providers. Security bulletin archive. Parts store. Fluids 17 , Dysthe, K. Stimulated Brillouin scattering in the ionosphere. Stenflo, L. Resonant three-wave interactions in plasmas. Article Google Scholar. Comments on stimulated electromagnetic emissions in the ionospheric plasma.

T , — Parametric instabilities in a magnetized plasma. Comments on the parametric excitation of low-frequency electrostatic waves. Theory of stimulated scattering of large-amplitude waves. Shukla, P. Stimulated Brillouin scattering of electromagnetic waves in magnetized plasmas.

Brodin, G. Stimulated Brillouin scattering in magnetized plasmas. Fejer, J. Stimulated Brillouin scattering and incoherent backscatter. Detection of stimulated Brillouin scattering by the Jicamarca Radar. Norin, L. Unprecedentedly strong and narrow electromagnetic emissions stimulated by high-frequency radio waves in the ionosphere.

Bernhardt, P. Stimulated Brillouin scatter in a magnetized ionospheric plasma. Fu, H. ADS Google Scholar. Electron and ion Bernstein waves excited in the ionosphere by high power EM waves at the second harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency. Samimi, A. On ion gyro-harmonic structuring in the stimulated electromagnetic emission spectrum during second electron gyro-harmonic heating. Stimulated Brillouin scatter and stimulated ion Bernstein scatter during electron gyroharmonic heating experiments.

Bordikar, M. Impact of active geomagnetic conditions on stimulated radiation during ionospheric second electron gyroharmonic heating. Space Phys. Mahmoudian, A. Ion gyro-harmonic structuring in the stimulated radiation spectrum and optical emissions during electron gyro-harmonic heating. Investigation of ionospheric stimulated Brillouin scatter generated at pump frequencies near electron gyroharmonics.

Electron gyroharmonic effects on ionospheric stimulated Brillouin scatter. Space Res. Blagoveshchenskaya, N. Modification of the high latitude ionosphere F region by X-mode powerful HF radiowaves: Experimental results from multi-instrument diagnostics. Cohen, M. Fedorenko, Y. Tereshchenko, E. The Effect of Plasma instabilities on the ionospherically reflected wave from a high-power transmitter. Geometric aspects of HF driven Langmuir turbulence in the ionosphere. Eliasson, B. HF wave propagation and induced ionospheric turbulence in the magnetic equatorial region.

Kruer, W. Fluids 15 , — Anomalous absorption and reflection in ionospheric radio modification experiments. Theoretical model for long time stimulated electromagnetic emission generation in ionospheric radio modification experiments. Numerical study of anomalous absorption of O mode waves on magnetic field-aligned striations. Stix T. Waves in Plasmas Am. Press, New York, Gavrishchaka, V. Origin of Low-Frequency Oscillations in the Ionosphere.

Agrimson, E. Excitation of ion-acoustic-like waves by subcritical currents in a plasma having equal electron and ion temperatures.

Kosch, M. Plasma modifications induced by an X-mode HF heater wave in the high latitude F region of the ionosphere. Gustavsson, B. The electron energy distribution during HF pumping, a picture painted with all colors.

Mishin, E. Artificial ionospheric layers driven by high-frequency radiowaves: An assessment. On linear conversion in a magnetized plasma. Poeverlein, H. Klasse , — Available electronically at the Bayerishe Akademie der Wissenschaften. Borisov, N. Peculiarities of the Z-mode propagation in the ionosphere. Plasmas 28 , Self-modulation and filamentation of electromagnetic waves in a plasma. Fusion 16 , 67—72 Honary, F.

First direct observations of the reduced striations at pump frequencies close to the electron gyroharmonics. Djuth, F. Temporal development of HF-excited Langmuir and ion turbulence at Arecibo. Earth Moon Planets , 19—53 Kagan, L. Optical and radio frequency diagnostics of the ionosphere over the Sura facility: Review of results, Radio Phys. Radio Astron. Grach, S. On the location and structure of the artificial nm airglow patch over Sura facility. Whitham, G. Zakharov, V.

Collapse of Langmuir waves. JETP 35 , — Kuznetsov, E. The collapse of electromagnetic waves in plasma. JETP 39 , — Vasopressin AVP is a key hormone regulating water balance and is released during hyperosmolality to limit renal water excretion. AVP neurons are under feedback and feedforward regulation. Not only do they respond to disturbances in blood osmolality, but they are also rapidly suppressed and stimulated, respectively, by drinking and eating, which will ultimately decrease and increase osmolality.

Here, we demonstrate that AVP neuron activity is regulated by multiple anatomically and functionally distinct neural circuits.

Notably, presystemic regulation during drinking and eating are mediated by non-overlapping circuits that involve the lamina terminalis and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, respectively. These findings reveal neural mechanisms that support differential regulation of AVP release by diverse behavioral and physiological stimuli. Two neural circuits control the release of vasopressin in response to eating and drinking before there are any detectable changes in blood water levels.

Background: Predicting neurological recovery after spinal cord injury SCI is challenging. Using topological data analysis, we have previously shown that mean arterial pressure MAP during SCI surgery predicts long-term functional recovery in rodent models, motivating the present multicenter study in patients.

We built a similarity network of patients from a low-dimensional space embedded using a non-linear algorithm, Isomap, and ensured topological extraction using persistent homology metrics. Large- bodied carnivores can influence the behavior, population size, and dynamics of prey and smaller- bodied carnivores Miller et al.

In complex ecosystems including tropical environments, opportunistic and generalist predators exert a top-down effect on the ecological community Miller et al. Top-down interactions affect several ecological processes including disease dynamics, wildfire, carbon stock, invasive species, and biochemical cycles Estes et al. Carnivores are therefore considered keystone species which help to maintain the diversity and ecological health of natural communities Noss et al.

Changes in carnivore communities e. As carnivores have large home ranges and are sensitive to human disturbances, understanding their habitat requirements is of utmost importance for designing and designating functionally effective protected areas which can benefit other mammalian species Noss et al.

Carnivore conservation is therefore critical for maintaining and protecting biodiversity and ecosystem health Miller et al. Knowing the distribution of carnivore species is essential for developing efficient biodiversity conservation policies and management plans Noss et al. Current challenges in carnivore conservation and management include better understanding of the mechanisms Miller et al. Worldwide, carnivore species are at some risk of extinction i.

Although many species of carnivores are considered charismatic and some species such as puma and jaguar have a substantial number of studies on their biology, ecology, and behavior, smaller, more cryptic and elusive Neotropical carnivores such as oncilla Leopardus tigrinus and L.

Most data on their distribution are unpublished or can only be found in grey literature e. The same is true for many habitat generalists, including tayra Eira barbara , South American coati Nasua nasua , crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous , and crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus; IUCN ; but see Beisiegel and Mantovani ; Michalski et al. In addition, most ecological studies on generalist species are outdated and no population estimates are currently available for these widely distributed Neotropical species IUCN The compiled data can be used in macroecological, ecological, and conservation study contexts.

The data set includes detection occurrence , non-detection, and count data number of records obtained from studies conducted from to Herein, we focused our compilation on the six families of terrestrial wild Neotropical carnivores and excluded records of marine species from the Phocidae and Otariidae families. At the time of this manuscript, the following data papers of this series have been published: Atlantic Frugivory Bello et al. Data set Description Principal Investigators: 1.

Mariana B. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature peer-reviewed and grey literature from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation.

Of those, Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics.

Records are from to note: several populations may be extinct today. Felidae and Canidae are two families with the highest number of data entries, and Ursidae is the family with the least amount of data Figure 2 and 3. Species without confirmed identification "sp. Records are from to note: several populations may be extinct today; e. Overall Project Description 1.

Identity A compilation of native terrestrial carnivores Canidae, Felidae, Mephitidae, Mustelidae, Procyonidae, and Ursidae distribution in the Neotropical region.

We did not include marine mammal species Phocidae and Otariidae in this data set. Oshima, Claudia Z. Kanda, Francesca B. Palmeira, and Fabiano Rodrigues de Melo. The following collaborators were part of the support team: Data validation: Ronaldo G. Graphs and statistics: Felipe Martello and Mariana B. Assis, Lucas P. Gaspar, Cristiano T. Trinca, Mariana B. Nagy-Reis, Claudia Z.

Oshima, and Vinicius R. Tonetti Co-authorship coordination: Rafaela A. Oshima Maps: Juliana S. Kanda Visual art: Vinicius R. Tonetti Species distribution range and taxonomy validation: Ronaldo G. Period of the Study Species records range from to Historical data were obtained from museum collections. Objectives We compiled raw, published, and unpublished data on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics that have been collected since by researchers, governmental agencies, non- governmental organizations, and private consultants.

Most data presented herein were collected during population and community studies, environmental licensing reports, and some long-term monitoring projects. Contributors reported the methods and sampling effort used in each study.

Specific Subproject Description 1. Site Description We focused our review over a total terrestrial area of 21 million km2, ranging from northern Mexico through Central America and South America 30oN to 50oS. The Neotropics is one of the eight biogeographic realms of the world Olson et al. Natural habitat and cover types include freshwater marshes, savanna, chaco, and xeric vegetation, sandy vegetation, altitudinal and rocky field, dry forest, and rainforest.

This region supports a significant proportion of global biodiversity Mittermeier et al. Due to the large number of endemic species and increasing intensity of anthropogenic pressure, the Neotropics currently include seven biodiversity hotspots of the world: Cerrado Brazilian savanna ; Atlantic Forest; Tropical Andes; Tumbes-Choco-Magdalena; Valdivian Forests; Mesoamerica; and the Caribbean Islands Myers et al.

Research Methods We compiled studies that reported geographic locations i. Geographic coordinates were recorded in decimal degrees WGS 84 datum. We subdivided data into two categories according to the geographical precision of the records. Records with a precise geographical location i. The precision of the coordinates was estimated in meters to allow a measure of uncertainty.

For this estimation, we assumed the polygons were circular and measured the area in hectares. Finally, 5 for imprecise coordinates and unknown information about the GPS device that was used to collect the data, the following rule was applied: Non-detection data were considered when the study failed to detect the species at a site "0" , regardless of whether "0" was a true absence or a pseudo-absence i.

Count data were considered when the number of records were also provided. The number of records e. This interval was either selected based on the camera trap settings if all photos taken were considered; e.

Contributors were asked to specify any additional relevant information in the 'OBS' attribute. This may include further details on data collection and should be carefully considered, as it can help future users better understand the nature and usage of the data. Taxonomic Data The taxonomic identity of each record was attributed by the contributor.

The coherence of the taxonomic classifications and species distribution range were verified by the core team and specialists see "Originators" and standardized according to the IUCN Red List IUCN and recent literature. Taxonomic uncertainties at the species level were maintained in the data set using "sp. We considered Leopardus guttulus and L. The occurrence of hybrids in Felidae and Canidae e.

Validation In addition to validating the taxonomic classification of each carnivore species, specialists also revised and validated the geographic location of each record. Data Limitations and Potential Enhancements The data set provides novel information on Neotropical carnivores and an opportunity to address a series of ecological questions across multiple spatio-temporal scales. In sharing the data with the larger scientific community, we aim to facilitate future studies on key aspects of carnivore distribution and ecology.

Acquiring data on carnivores is often difficult due to their cryptic and elusive behavior, as most species are crepuscular or nocturnal. Thus, this data paper provides further opportunity for new research on the ecology of rarely recorded species, especially for those species which have been generally recorded yet not rigorously studied e.

This data set was compiled from a number of scientific studies conducted over differing years, locations, and sampling protocols. Therefore, the data are potentially biased due to: 1 varying sampling effort across locations e. Despite our effort to provide details on each record, such sources of bias are inevitable and should be considered when using this data set.

Minor standardization errors are also inevitable in such large data sets and we encourage users to contribute corrections. The data set itself is mainly comprised of detection data. In most cases, studies provided no individual identification, statistical analysis to address the sampling process, or other important necessary measures for estimating abundance. Importantly, lack of detection e.

Therefore, presence-only and non-detection data may not accurately represent species distribution, and offers limited inference in areas which may be unsuitable or unoccupied e. Consequently, predicted distributions of a given species may be biased to areas with higher detectability e.

This introduces further uncertainty in estimates, thereby influencing decision-making in conservation planning. We highly recommend that users implement appropriate statistical and analytical tools to adequately address the inconsistencies and biases present in the sampling process, including imperfect detection. Due to the likely presence of different sources of bias within a given study, we therefore introduce a series of method-specific issues that should be thoroughly considered before using the data set: 1 Camera trap data: Biases must be considered when estimating the probability of detection from camera trap data.

The probability of detection is influenced by sampling design and behavior or movement of the targeted species Burton et al. Therefore, factors such as species, site-specific characteristics, and sampling protocols need to be revised prior to using the camera data presented in this data set.

Even when sympatric carnivores have different body sizes, they may produce relatively similarly sized scat samples, therefore introducing the potential to misidentify the species Morin et al. Although identification of scats based on hair morphology has increased overall success rate, especially for Neotropical felids Nagy-Reis et al.

Molecular species identification is most reliable, but requires relatively fresh scat samples which are often difficult to find and molecular analyses are often expensive Alberts et al. Studies that have evaluated the reliability of different methods to identify carnivore species by scats have recommended exercising caution Losinger et al.

Additional information including known geographical range of the species, along with additional methods including hair morphology and molecular approaches, should be applied to confirm the presence of the target carnivore species Losinger et al.

We therefore suggest caution when using scat data from our data set, especially for those species which were identified solely on scat morphometric classification. Road attributes such as traffic volume Jacobsen et al. Thus, road crossing probability and probability of roadkill event are not homogeneous and are instead site- and species-specific Jacobsen et al. Therefore, special attention should be given to roadkill data presented herein, and we recommend the use of complementary data i. Finally, we call attention to the geographical coordinate accuracy of the data presented herein see Research Methods.

This is important for the users of the final data set, particularly those who wish to perform fine-scale analysis. Filtering data prior to data analysis is recommended and special attention should be given to historical data from museum collections, which might have low geographical accuracy given the lack of technologies such as GPS devices or the lack of attention to biogeography.

For studies that require high geographical accuracy, the location of the historical records should be checked against other sources of data. Despite its limitations, we compiled this data set on Neotropical carnivore species to include data which are often otherwise inaccessible or found only in grey literature e. To reduce uncertainty related to species-specific taxonomic classification and geographic distribution, all data were evaluated and validated by carnivore specialists.

We hope that this data set will contribute to the biogeographic, ecological, and conservation research and management for carnivores across multiple spatio-temporal scales, and help to improve long-lasting conservation strategies for each species throughout their range. All data - including the updated version and complementary material - are fully available for both public use and research purposes. CSV" format, where updated versions of the data set will be available.

Contact Persons Correspondence and requests for material should be addressed to: Mariana B. E-mail: mariana. E-mail: miltinho. E-mail: claudiakand gmail. E-mail: juliaoshima yahoo. Copyright Restrictions None. Proprietary Restrictions There is no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data.

Costs None. Data set File 1. Identity DataS1. Size DataS1. Format and Storage Mode Comma-separated values. Header Information See column descriptors in section B. Attributes Mixed. Variable Information Table 1. Species Information Table 2. Spatial distribution information Table 3. Data set information C. Data Anomalies We attributed "NA" to any missing information. Data Acquisition 1. Data Entry Verification Procedures Data entry was systematically checked by the core team to ensure that no mistakes were transported to the final version of the data set.

In cases of inconsistencies, the core team directly contacted those responsible for the data and asked for a revised data set. We also standardized column names, content, and coordinate format. In addition, we cleaned any special character e. All data standardization was conducted using R software. Accuracy was estimated using summary statistics and manual checks were performed on missing, duplicate, and erroneous entries.

Misprints in scientific names were corrected and abbreviations were homogenized using regular expressions implemented in R software see details in section Class II, B, Related Materials No additional material.

Archiving 1. CSV format. Updated versions of the data set will be available on this repository please check date on filename and metadata for each version. Redundant Archive Sites None. Publications and Results None. History of Data Set Usage 1. Data Request History None. Data set Update History None.

Review History None. Questions and Comments from Secondary Users None. We are grateful for comments and suggestions from anonymous reviewers from Ecology who have helped the improvement of this paper.

This work was supported by many funding agencies, organizations, and individuals. Species information. Spatial distribution information. Records are from 21 countries in the Neotropical region. Method information. Other methods include radio-tracking, interviews, live trapping, railway kill, sand plots, and combined methods.

Method Percentage Camera trapping Data set information. M responsible s data. OBS Observations Any important observation that Species identification by users should know to better molecular techniques understand data. Moro-Rios, J. Silva-Pereira, J. Miranda, E. Jablonski, and F. Feeding habits of ocelot Leopardus pardalis in Southern Brazil.

Mammalian Biology — Acosta-Jamett, G. Cleaveland, B. Cunningham, H. Bradshaw, and P. Echinococcus granulosus infection in foxes in Coquimbo District, Chile. Archivos de medicina veterinaria — Kelt, P.

Meserve, and M. Journal of Arid Environments — Habitat use by Oncifelis guigna and Pseudalopex culpaeus in a fragmented forest landscape in central Chile. Biodiversity and Conservation — Adrados, B. Zanin, L. Silveira, P. Villalva, C. Keller, N. Harmsen, Y. Rubio, and F. Non-invasive genetic identification of two sympatric sister-species: ocelot Leopardus pardalis and margay L.

Conservation Genetics Resources:1— Western North American Naturalist — Ahumada-Carrillo, I. Arenas-Monroy, and M. Presence of the ocelot Leopardus pardalis in northern Jalisco, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad — Alarcon, D.

Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Albanesi, S. Jayat, and A. Saranholi, F. Frei, and P. Comparing hair-morphology and molecular methods to identify fecal samples from Neotropical felids. Aliaga-Rossel, E. Moreno, R. Kays, and J. Ocelot Leopardus pardalis predation on agouti Dasyprocta punctata.

Biotropica — Castro-Arellano, and E. Black-legged ticks Ixodes scapularis on the jaguar Panthera onca. The Southwestern Naturalist — Romero-Almaraz, A. Taboada-Salgado, E. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad — Almeida, L. Influence of the water quality on the occurrence of the Neotropical otter Lontra longicaudis Olfers, in a human-altered river basin. Marine and Freshwater Research Altamirano, T.

Page Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. Altrichter, M. Beck, J. Burton, J. Byers, J. Dinerstein, W. Franklin, P. Gaubert, J. Gongora, C. Groves, K. Habibi, H. Hoeck, B. Huffman, P. Jarman, J. David M. Leslie, R. Lewison, S. Mattioli, E. Medici, E. Meijaard, G. Mitchell, W. Oliver, W.

Robichaud, D. Rubenstein, J. Skinner, A. Taber, A. Taylor, R. Valdez, P. Weinberg, and G. Handbook of the Mammals of the World - Volume 1. Page D. Wilson and R. Mittermeier, Eds. Version 1.