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Public Interest 13 , — Does counter-attitudinal information cause backlash? So sometimes plans, programmes and projects are made effective by them to bring change in the society.
This is called planned change. As it is consciously and deliberately made, there is every possibility to have control on the speed and direction of change.
For example, the five years plan made by the government. The physical, biological, demographical, cultural, technological and many other factors interact to generate change. This is due to mutual interdependence of social phenomenon. For example, the economic independence of women has brought changes not only in their status but also a series of changes in home, family relationship and marriages etc. But the prediction we make is uncertain. It is because of three reasons.
They are: a There is no inherent law of social change, b The forces of social change may not remain on the scene for all times to come, and c The process of social change does not remain uniform. Apart from the above characteristic features it may be said that social change can be qualitative or quantitative. It is a value free term as it does imply any sense of good or bad, desirable or undesirable. It is a concept distinct from evolution, process and development which are regarded as key concepts in the literature of social change.
Types of social change: According to cultural anthropologist David F. Campaigns against texting and driving are an example of alternative social change in the sense that they advocate a small change in behaviour and advocate this change on a fairly small scale. The spread of religion is an example of redemptive social change. Recovery programs like Alcoholics Anonymous are also examples of redemptive social change as they advocate dramatic personal change for a specific portion of the population.
The movement to obtain marriage rights for same- sex couples is an example of reformative social change. This movement seeks a very specific set of changes but desires these changes on a wide scale. Revolutionary movements seek to fundamentally restructure society. Examples of revolutionary social change include the American Civil Rights Movement and the Russian Revolution of the earlyth century. Demographic Factors: Demography plays an important role in the process of social change. In the study of social change demographic factors have been viewed from two different angles.
They are the qualitative and quantitative. Qualitatively speaking it refers to physical potentialities, mental abilities etc. But the demographic factor in its quantitative aspect has been playing the most decisive role in causing social change.
Biological Factors: Accordingly biological factor plays an important role in the causation of social change. An ordinarily biological factor refers to those which are concerned with the genetic constitution of the human beings. Human beings use animals, birds, plants and herbs according to the direction of his own culture.
At the same time human beings protect themselves from different harmful elements. If there is increase or decrease of these animals, birds, plants etc. Rapid population growth influences our environment causes poverty, food shortage and multiple health problems and thereby brings changes in society.
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The Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing. Journal of Behavioral Public Administration. This is an internal or dispositional explanation. However, imagine that Greg was just laid off from his job due to company downsizing. Your revised explanation might be that Greg was frustrated and disappointed for losing his job; therefore, he was in a bad mood his state.
The fundamental attribution error is so powerful that people often overlook obvious situational influences on behavior. Student participants were randomly assigned to play the role of a questioner the quizmaster or a contestant in a quiz game. Questioners developed difficult questions to which they knew the answers, and they presented these questions to the contestants.
The contestants answered the questions correctly only 4 out of 10 times Figure 2. After the task, the questioners and contestants were asked to rate their own general knowledge compared to the average student. In a second study, observers of the interaction also rated the questioner as having more general knowledge than the contestant.
The obvious influence on performance is the situation. The questioners wrote the questions, so of course they had an advantage. Both the contestants and observers made an internal attribution for the performance. They concluded that the questioners must be more intelligent than the contestants. Figure 2. As demonstrated in the example above, the fundamental attribution error is considered a powerful influence in how we explain the behaviors of others.
However, it should be noted that some researchers have suggested that the fundamental attribution error may not be as powerful as it is often portrayed. In fact, a recent review of more than published studies suggests that several factors e. You may be able to think of examples of the fundamental attribution error in your life. Do people in all cultures commit the fundamental attribution error? Research suggests that they do not. It is time to move on, to retire person-in-environment as the foundation metaphor of social work for the 21st Century.
If we merely pause to add environmental concerns only at the level of our conceptual frameworks, we will again be thinking about ecology rather than thinking ecologically Morito, Where do we go from here? Those who would push us in new directions speak of such processes as placemaking, wayfinding, earthkeeping, orientating, and placetelling. Some have combined familiar words in new ways to express place-based concepts such as ecological literacy, nature centredness, attentive living in place, or local life opportunities.
These holistic and relationship-based concepts are often fuzzy, intuitive, imprecise, and multidisciplinary — qualities that tend to be shunned by Western academia and professions. Yet the notion of place appears to be emerging as central to a number of disciplines.
Social work has techniques for engaging groups and communities, but it could be argued that individual practice has assumed overall priority historically. This could be a problem because present environmental threats demand a communal response.
Both suggestions, however, perpetuate an assumption of two separate entities. Viewed within a paradigm or metaphor of people as place, humans cannot be understood separate from the natural world. Human health and welfare is bound up with environmental health and welfare.
Environments are not merely lifeless backdrops for human activity, any more than people are merely temporary actors in an ongoing natural system. We are entwined with the natural world in a continuing process of co-creation. Human development cannot be separated from stewardship of the earth.
In short, we are our surroundings: people as place. If people as place were accepted as the foundation metaphor, then what might resulting social work models look like? When the world is understood as a process of continuous co-creation involving people and the natural world, then what is our ideal, our vision?
What are we trying to accomplish? This idea of living well in place integrates social justice with environmental justice, human rights with environmental rights, and human responsibilities with environmental responsibilities. Obviously, dynamic sustainability is a key factor of living well in place; otherwise, we risk losing the very space to which our meanings, identity, and survival are attached.
Living well in place is a process and not an end state. The current generation of social work practitioners and builders of knowledge has operated for over thirty years with models of practice based on a metaphor of person-in-environment. Yet there have been great changes since we adopted that metaphor. A new foundation metaphor of people as place might help us focus on the crucial task of living well on this planet.
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Interview with J. Beshara, 13,
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